It is commonly believed that a link exists between individual and community resilience even though the actual nature of this relationship is not well understood (Berkes and Ross 2013; Brown and Kulig 1996/7).

Individual and community resilience

Surprisingly, little scholarship has integrated individual, family and community resilience into holistic frameworks or models. However, studies have found that the following aspects of individual and family psychology and culture are determinants of community resilience (Berkes & Ross, 2013):

• Social networks and support
• Sense of belonging
• Community togetherness
• Ability to cope with divisions
• Ability to cope with change
• Positive outlook
• Early experience
• People–place connections
• Environment and lifestyle
• Sense of purpose
• Embracing differences
• Beliefs
• Learning
• Knowledge, skills, and learning
• Community problem solving
• Leadership
• Engaged governance